Adaptive Immunity, ADE, and Antibodies

ADE & Neutralizing Vs Non-Neutralizing Antibodies 

The CoV “vaccines” cause the person’s own cells to make spike protein and put it on the surface of the human cell – this would never happen in an actual viral infection. In viral replication the virus with spike are made within the host cell and then burst forth, killing the host cell and possibly also using part of the host cell membrane as part of the membrane of the many replicated virus. The cellular debris from the cell being killed by the exit of the virus leaves inflammatory chemicals in the extracellular fluid.

In the case of the gene therapy “vaccines” the human cell itself has spike proteins produced on the surface – which may be identified by immune cells as an actual foreign protein with viral origin and neutralizing antibodies would be made that attack as if it is a virus – neutralizing the virus from being infectious. Or since it is a human cell, non-neutralizing antibodies might be made that recognize it as a ‘self’ protein – it is on human cell after all.

When the injected person’s immune cells recognize the viral protein on the human cell surface, they make antibodies against the spike protein, and eventually, those antibodies, whether neutralizing type or non-neutralizing, would connect with the spike proteins located on the surface of the human cells – throughout the body, wherever spike is being produced. Depending on the type of antibodies that had been made, other immune cells will either attack the human cell as if it is viral or cause the human cell to die – they were neutralizing antibodies – but instead of neutralizing an infectious pathogen a human cell was killed instead. The immune cells will also be extra busy with all that work, recognizing and killing all human cells that have the spike protein on the surface, so any other random infection may be ignored simply because the immune system is too busy attacking the human cells that have spike – whether a cold, flu, or SARS-CoV2.

Or, if non-neutralizing antibodies had been made, the other immune cells would leave the human cells with spike protein alone. That might seem good, but it also means that a real coronavirus infection might also be ignored by the immune cells, primed with non-neutralizing antibodies that think spike protein is ‘self’ now. 

Neutralizing antibodies are the goal of a vaccine because they would help prevent infection or symptoms from the infectious pathogen – neutralizing it from doing harm. In the case of the CoV “vaccines” though, neutralizing antibodies are also causing the human cells with spike on their surface to be killed by immune cells – as if the human cells are a foreign virus. That is similar to autoimmune disease except for many different types of cells throughout the body may all be involved instead of more specific autoimmune antibodies against thyroid tissue and gluten for example (molecular mimicry – similar chemical shape). 

Non-neutralizing antibodies are not the goal of vaccines but animal research with mRNA vaccine found that it was a big problem. Eventually all the animals died once exposed to the wild type virus. This is referred to in medical research as Antibody-Dependent Enhancement, (ADE), and more recently has been called as Vaccine Enhanced Disease. 

If the non-neutralizing antibodies encounter a SARS-CoV2 virus, any variant with a closely matching spike protein, they will bind with the spike. However the non-neutralizing antibodies are labeling it as ‘self’ and immune cells will ignore the virus as if it was a human cell – not neutralizing the virus. The non-neutralizing antibodies also would not be causing the killing of any human cells that have spike protein being produced on their surface. 

People with minimal symptoms after the jabs may have been one of the lucky ones to get the ~30% saline solution batches, or they may be more at risk for ADE infections to any coronavirus that has somewhat similar spike proteins.

Vaccine Enhanced Disease is a descriptive name. The vaccine caused the formation of non-neutralizing antibodies which accept the pathogen as ‘self’, instead of neutralizing ones that would be protective. The infection is able to grow freely, unstopped by the immune cells – which means the disease process was ‘enhanced’ – the infection will be much worse than if there hadn’t been a vaccine inducing non-neutralizing antibodies.

ADE reactions generally lead to death of the research animal with mRNA gene therapy research, and there is limited information regarding the condition in humans as adverse vaccine reactions tend to be called other things rather than performing autopsies and finding out in more detail. A nasal infection leading to lung infection would show more damage in the upper area of the lungs. An ADE infection would likely have damage more throughout the lungs and body.

In the case of an RSV vaccine and later infection, the ADE reaction was “termed vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease.” (1)

Recent research is showing a disease enhancement effect occurring with the CoV gene treatments. Infection rate is higher in the injected than those who have not had the CoV injections:

“Earlier, I had published and announced in a public speech (Harrisburg) that the vaccine program had failed, in part based on my findings that the number of new cases was highest in countries with highest vaccine uptake (See article here). The Israeli and UK data showed more cases in the vaccinated than in the unvaccinated, and my analysis yesterday should silence the pedestrian response “that’s because there are more people who are vaccinated”. I’ve pointed out (as have others) that Fauci’s “go home until you are sick enough to need emergency care” makes people variant incubators.

Now a new study has found the specific mutations by which the SARS-CoV-2 lineages have escaped the vaccine. The study, which is behind a paywall (US$40), reports that these mutations lead to less infectivity compared to the original SARS-CoV-2, but, according to the authors, “can disrupt existing antibodies that neutralize the virus“.

That sounds like disease enhancement to me.” – James Lyons-Weiler (2)

People getting CoV injections are supposed to be informed of increased risk of infection being possible as a result, rather than protection. Research focused on whether they are being informed of the risk of ADE or Vaccine enhanced disease found that there was insufficient awareness. (3)

Variants with a spike modification that evades the antibodies, whether neutralizing or non-neutralizing may also be an increased risk of the leaky gene treatments, (4), called vaccines by the new definition of the word.

Adaptive immunity – ability to make new types of antibodies & more B or T immune cells.

Adaptive immunity means our ability to make new types of antibodies whenever we need, and allow the transformation of undifferentiated immune cells into the active B or T cell type that is ready to make antibodies (B), or fight infection (T). Without the DNA repair function the immune cell differentiation can not occur either. Lack of DNA repair also is a problem because DNA changes can lead to cancer or mitochondrial dysfunction conditions which can include Parkinson’s disease (PD). (5

The viral infection leads to inflammation, oxidative stress, and that leads to increased DNA damage, which might be random. Adequate nutrients can help correct the oxidative stress chemical imbalance before damage occurs. After DNA damage occurs, it may be too late to correct DNA changes that were replicated in a large enough number of defective mitochondria or cells to cause noticeable symptoms.

Consistent with our results, clinical observations also show that the risk of severe illness or death with COVID–19 increases with age, especially older adults who are at the highest risk [22]. This may be because SARS–CoV–2 spike proteins can weaken the DNA repair system of older people and consequently impede V(D)J recombination and adaptive immunity. 

In contrast, our data provide valuable details on the involvement of spike protein subunits in DNA damage repair, indicating that full–length spike–based vaccines may inhibit the recombination of V(D)J in B cells, which is also consistent with a recent study that a full–length spike–based vaccine induced lower antibody titers compared to the RBD–based vaccine [28]

This suggests that the use of antigenic epitopes of the spike as a SARS–CoV–2 vaccine might be safer and more efficacious than the full–length spike. Taken together, we identified one of the potentially important mechanisms of SARS–CoV–2 suppression of the host adaptive immune machinery. Furthermore, our findings also imply a potential side effect of the full–length spike–based vaccine.” (6)

DNA Damage can lead to cancer or mitochondrial conditions, like Parkinson’s Disease, PD.

DNA damage can be prevented more easily then it can be changed back to healthy – unless it is just an epigenetic change. Methyl groups are an atom of oxygen and hydrogen that can be added to the side of DNA sequences where they act kind of like a bottle cap to keep the DNA in a closed or off position.

Epigenetic changes where a gene is active when it should be inactive, can change back when adequate methyl donor vitamins are available (methyl or hydroxy B12, folate, and choline). Some people may need extra due to a genetic inability somewhere in the methylation steps, or because inflammation/infection caused an big increase in need for the nutrients.

Other phytonutrients may also help with DNA damage and protect against cancerous changes. 

Recently, we have shown that dietary phytochemicals such as quercetin, rutin, rosmarinic acid, luteolin, and others not only protect DNA damage but also stimulate DNA repair in liver and colon cell lines (Lima et al., 2006; Ramos et al., 2008; Ramos et al., 2010b; Ramos et al., 2010a). These effects may contribute to their anti-carcinogenic effects” (Ramos et al, 2011) (7)

See jenniferdepew.com page Phytonutrients for food sources and more information about quercetin, rutin, rosmarinic acid, luteolin and other phytonutrients.

The menu and beverage ideas for Nrf2 Promoting Foods (G10) on effectivecare.info would also be helpful for DNA repair, and Pomegranate (G13) or Citrus Peel (G14). Zinc is also important, food sources on (G15), or see reference (8).

Thiamine, vitamin B1, is also needed in larger amounts during severe inflammation or infection and possibly for a long time aferwards, a LongCovid personal story: (9). Riboflavin, B2, is important to take along with it, and niacin/nicotinic acid, B3, pantothenic acid, B5, and the other methyl donors, folate, methyl or hydroxy B12, and choline. Betaine, TMG, may also be beneficial to take and CoQ10 and alpha lipoic acid, both cofactors for mitochondrial use of the citric acid cycle (see post Niacin for preventing migraines) for converting glucose into usable energy or as heat, which can reduce inflammation. (see post Niacin & Early Treatment)

Disclaimer: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individual health guidance. Please see a [*functional] health professional for individual health care purposes.

Reference List

  1. Arvin, A.M., Fink, K., Schmid, M.A. et al. A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2. Nature 584, 353–363 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2538-8 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2538-8
  2. James Lyons-Weiler. Spike-Only Vaccine a Colossal Blunder: Michigan State University Shows SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Escape is Due to Vaccination. Dec. 8, 2021, https://popularrationalism.substack.com/p/spike-only-vaccine-a-colossal-blunder
  3. Timothy Cardozo, Ronald Veazey. Informed consent disclosure to vaccine trial subjects of risk of COVID-19 vaccines worsening clinical disease. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75:e13795. DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13795 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ijcp.13795
  4. Wang R, Chen J, Wei G-W. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Revealing Vaccine-Resistant Mutations in Europe and America. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, XXX, 11850–11857, December 7, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03380
  5. Park JS, Davis RL, Sue CM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: New Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(5):21. Published 2018 Apr 3. doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0829-3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC5882770/
  6. Hui Jiang, Ya-Fang Mei. SARS–CoV–2 Spike Impairs DNA Damage Repair and Inhibits V(D)J Recombination In Vitro. Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2056; DOI: 10.3390/v13102056 https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/10/2056/htm 
  7. Alice A. Ramos, Cristóvão F. Lima and Cristina Pereira-Wilson, Chapter: DNA Damage Protection and Induction of Repair by Dietary Phytochemicals and Cancer Prevention: What Do We Know? October 26th 2011, DOI: 10.5772/22125, From: Selected Topics in DNA Repair. Ed. Clark Chen, U of California, San Diego, USA, DOI: 10.5772/1749 https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/22717
  8. Song Y, Leonard SW, Traber MG, Ho E. Zinc deficiency affects DNA damage, oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and DNA repair in rats. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1626-1631. doi:10.3945/jn.109.106369 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC3151020/
  9. Barb Check, Recovering from Long Covid with Thiamine. Sept. 1, 2021, https://www.hormonesmatter.com/recovering-from-long-covid-with-thiamine/
https://ijvtpr.com/index.php/IJVTPR/article/view/23

Brain Cells and Aging

Within the majority of the brain the type of brain cells that send nerve signals generally do not get replaced, however they also generally don’t lose function. Dementia – loss of memory and other cognitive skills – is not a normal part of healthy aging. Age related forgetfulness has to do with loss of the connections between brain cells but the brain cells remain functional – so continuing to take part in learning and social activities may help prevent dementia and forgetfulness by helping to maintain current connections between brain cells and add new connections formed during learning or socializing. 

And yet Alzheimer’s dementia now “afflicts 5% to 10% of the U.S. population over the age of 65 and as much as 45% of the population over 85.” (page 694, Neuroscience, 6th. edition, 1)

Research for medications for Alzheimer’s treatment have focused on reducing the levels of certain types of protein that collect in the damaged areas of the brain of a patient with the condition, however even if successful at reducing the amount of the protein the medications have not been found very helpful for restoring the patient’s cognitive health. (previous post) People with normal brain function also can have excess of the protein and it is also found in the brains of people with autism disorder – confusing, yes. Adequate quality sleep may help the brain waste removal system keep the levels of excess protein from building up to damaging amounts. (previous post on sleep and the glymphatic system) (shorter summary on sleep tips and insomnia: Sleep and Health)

Things that may increase risk include chronic stress and the excess cortisol and inflammatory oxidative stress chemicals production. Moderate exercise may help reduce stress and promote detoxification of inflammatory chemicals. Staying socially and mentally active also may be protective of brain function. Prevention is the best medicine for conditions that cause irreversible degenerative changes such as the damage in Alzheimer’s Disease. Learning about new foods and recipes and then making healthy meals to share with others can be a way to combine physical and mental activity and gain from nutrients that help detoxify inflammatory oxidative stress chemicals. (previous post, Foods for beneficial T-cells) – (Nrf2 promoting foods)

T cells are a type of blood cell with immune system functions. Beneficial T cells can help clear excess protein found in Alzheimer’s (2) while other types can increase inflammation and the types can transform based on the level of oxidative stress chemicals that are present so having antioxidants and other phytonutrients in daily meals can help signal the T-cells to take the beneficial forms instead of the inflammatory forms. (The non euphoria producing endogenous cannabinoid 2-AG (acts at the CB2 receptor, somewhat similar to CBD) may also help signal T cells towards the less inflammatory type, and reduce migration of them. page 96)

Nrf2 is a gene and protein that help promote the more beneficial types of T cells and help the immune system in other ways and also promote our own production of antioxidants for reducing the oxidative stress chemicals that are a natural waste product left from energy metabolism – when blood sugar is turned into a usable form of energy.

The long story is complicated, the short story remains,

  • include moderate exercise most days of the week,
  • have adequate sleep, 6-8 hours/night, ideally with complete darkness, blackout curtains and cover the light from an electric bedside alarm clock (put it in a nearby drawer or cover it with something),
  • get some natural sunshine or full spectrum light during the day if possible (may help with vitamin D, bioactive sulfate, and circadian rhythm metabolism within the body which includes production of melatonin,
  • stay mentally and socially active,
  • reduce stress when possible and/or practice relaxation techniques,
  • drink adequate water and regularly eat a good variety of colorful fresh produce, whole grains, nuts, beans, seeds, and include omega 3 fatty acid sources on a daily or weekly basis.
  • Clean air quality is also important. Formaldehyde (from secondhand smoke or even excessive use of decorative candles), and other air pollutants (released by plastics or new carpeting/flooring for example) can collect in poorly ventilated buildings. See this post for more information about formaldehyde sources and ways to reduce it: Formaldehyde: Health Risks, and Environmental and Dietary Sources.(effectiveselfcare.info)
  • Adequate water, not getting dehydrated regularly, is important enough to repeat because dehydration allows toxins within the body, including formaldehyde, to collect, instead of being removed by the glymphatic/lymphatic and vascular system, and to then be excreted by the kidneys. Brain Formaldehyde is Related to Water Intake Behavior, Ting Li, et al, 2016, (PubMed) A discussion of how much water is typically needed for health each day, and how much protein to eat for basic needs without being too much for long term kidney health, is available in a previous post: Make Every Day Kidney Appreciation Day. (effectiveselfcare.info)

More of the long story – the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 is also activated by a phytonutrient called beta-caryophyllene (BCP) which is found in many aromatic herbs and spices including: oregano, cinnamon,  clove , rosemary,  thyme, black pepper, (4), and copaiba oil. (5) Benefits may include reducing inflammation and pain, anti-anxiety, anti-cancer, (4), and protection of the brain by helping reduce increased activity after brain trauma which can lead to scar like tissue walling off the area of trauma instead healing.(5)

The problem in Alzheimer’s may not be the protein itself but instead the cells that over-actively making it in response to inflammatory signals so the solution would be not trying to remove excess protein but to stop the production of excess protein by signaling the overactive cells that all is well again, stop walling off the supposed injury. Formalin, a more dilute buffered form of formaldehyde was the toxin used to create inflammation in an animal based study of the potential benefits of beta-caryophyllene. A dose of 5 mg/Kg purified beta-caryophyllene essential oil given by mouth (rather than by an injection) was found to help reduce inflammatory pain from the formalin. (4) For a 75 kilogram adult that would be a capsule with 375 milligrams of the purified oil.

The herb rosemary is pine needle like plant that has been used as a pain killer in traditional folk medicine for arthritis pain and was thought of a s a memory aid. Studies more recently have found the essential oil beneficial for improving memory. (6)  **Use care when purchasing essential oils, some are intended only for external use either on the skin when diluted in a small amount of milder oil such as almond oil for massage or topical pain relief, or as an aromatic for scent (example, put a few drops on a cotton ball that is attached to a fan or on the outlet of a humidifier to circulate the aroma through a room).

/Disclosure: This information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individual health guidance. Please see a health professional for individual health care purposes./

  1.  Neuroscience, 6th Edition, Editors D. Purves, G.J. Augustine, D. Fitzpatrick, W.C. Hall, A.S. LaMantia, R.D. Mooney, ML. Platt, L.E. White, (Sinauer Associates, Oxford University Press, 2018, New York) (Barnes&Noble)
  2. Anna Mietelska-Porowska and Urszula Wojda, “T Lymphocytes and Inflammatory Mediators in the Interplay between Brain and Blood in Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential Pools of New Biomarkers,” Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2017, Article ID 4626540, 17 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4626540. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2017/4626540/
  3. edited by Karsten Sauer, Klaus Okkenhaug, Lipid Signaling in T Cell Development and Function, Frontiers Media SA, Nov 12, 2015 page 96
  4. A.-L.Klauke, I.Racz, B.Pradier, et al., The cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. European Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 24, Issue 4, April 2014, Pages 608-620, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X13003027
  5. Guimarães-Santos A, Santos DS, Santos IR, et al. Copaiba Oil-Resin Treatment Is Neuroprotective and Reduces Neutrophil Recruitment and Microglia Activation after Motor Cortex Excitotoxic Injury. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM. 2012;2012:918174. doi:10.1155/2012/918174. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291111/
  6. Rachel Hosie, Surge in Rosemary Sales as Aromatic Herb Found to Boost Memory, May 19, 2017, independent.co.uk,  https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/rosemary-sales-surge-herb-boost-memory-holland-barrett-a7745231.html

Foods and Nutrients that may benefit T cells

T cells are a group of white blood cells with immune functions that may be beneficial or which may promote inflammation. They can change from one type of T-cell to another based on the amount of oxidative stress chemicals present in their surroundings. Our own body can produce antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress when we have adequate Nrf2. We also can get antioxidants from foods and often the foods that are good sources of antioxidants also contain phytonutrients that promote our own production of Nrf2 which then can help us produce our own types of antioxidants. Other nutrients are also helpful for promoting T cells to become the less inflammatory producing types. (1)

Reduced antioxidant production and prevalence of the more inflammatory type of T cells may be involved in aging and many types of chronic illnesses including cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, carcinoma’s and leukemia’s, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and vitiligo. For more details see: (1) Figure 13)

See Table 3: Antioxidant Compounds of Natural Dietary Products with Role in T Cell Function. (1)

  • Green tea: Catechin hydrate (CH) and Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG). Teas (white, green, and oolong), cocoa, grapes, berries, apples; Catechins are monomers of Flavan-3-ols; see more:(Flavonoids)
  • Carrot, celeriac, parsnip, and parsley: Aliphatic C(17)-polyacetylenes. The Apiaceae plant family, see more: (Aliphatic C(17)-polyacetylenes) Commonly used herbs spices in the plant family include caraway seeds, coriander seeds/cilantro leaves, cumin seeds, dill, fennel; see more: (Apiaceae plants)
  • Turmeric (yellow spice in curry powder): Curcumin (diferuloylmethan). See more: (Curcumin)
  • Garlic: Ajoene. Organosulfur compound, others also present in onions, see more: (Ajoene/organosulfur compounds).
  • Plant foods/beverages with yellow pigments: Chalcones (precursors for flavones). Chalcones are found in many plant foods including; “fruits (e.g., citruses, apples), vegetables (e.g., tomatoes, shallots, bean sprouts, potatoes) and various plants and spices (e.g., licorice),” see more: (Chalcones). Flavones, (found in Parsley, thyme, celery, hot peppers), are part of the Flavonoid group; see more: (Flavonoids). 
  • Anthocyanin (purple/blue pigments): Wild blueberry, bilberry, cranberry. Red, blue, or purple berries; red and purple grapes; red wine, Anthocyanidins combined with sugar molecules are anthocyanins; see more: (Flavonoids).
  • Proanthocyanidin: Grape Seed and Jamapa Bean. Apples, berries, cocoa, red grapes, red wine; Proanthocyanidins are dimers and polymers of Flavan-3-ols; see more: (Flavonoids).
  • Resveratrol: Peanuts; Grape skins, red wine; dark colored berries including blueberries, bilberries, and cranberries; dark cocoa; see more: (Resveratrol.
  • Lycopene: Tomatoes; guava, watermelon, papaya, pink grapefruit, mango; red sweet peppers, asparagus, purple cabbage, carrots: (Lycopene).
  • Carrots and other orange/yellow fruits and vegetables: Beta-carotene (orange/yellow pigment, precursor to Vitamin A). Sweet potato, squash, carrots, apricots, cantaloupe, mango; broccoli, greens; red sweet peppers; tomato juice; black-eyed peas, beans; see more: (Vitamin A – provitamin A, beta-carotene, is found in plant sources)
  • Vitamin A: Carrots, cheese, eggs, and meat. Liver; fish oils; fortified milk; see more: (Vitamin A-preformed, retinol, is from animal sources primarily).
  • Vitamin B6: Whole grains, vegetables; liver, meats and fish; nuts; chickpeas/garbanzo beans and other beans, tofu; cottage cheese; banana; see more: (vitamin B6).
  • Vitamin C: Citrus fruits, cantaloupe, kiwifruit, strawberries, cauliflower, the cabbage family, tomatoes, peppers, and greens, green peas, potatoes – see more: (vitamin C).
  • Vitamin D: Cod liver oil, egg yolk. Fortified dairy products or orange juice, or other fortified foods such as breakfast cereals or meal replacement bars; salmon, tuna, sardines, krill oil; liver; some types of mushrooms; – see more: (vitamin D).
  • Vitamin E: Wheat germ oil, sunflower oil. Nuts, greens, asparagus, pumpkin, mango, avocado – see more: (vitamin E).
  • (1)

Disclaimer: Opinions are my own and the information is provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individual health guidance. Please see a health professional for individual health care purposes.

  1. Kesarwani P, Murali AK, Al-Khami AA, Mehrotra S. Redox Regulation of T-Cell Function: From Molecular Mechanisms to Significance in Human Health and Disease. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2013;18(12):1497-1534. doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4073. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603502/ (1)
  2. Flavonoids, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids
  3. Christensen LP, Aliphatic C(17)-polyacetylenes of the falcarinol type as potential health promoting compounds in food plants of the Apiaceae family. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric. 2011 Jan;3(1):64-77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114468
  4. Apiaceae: Parsley or Carrot Family. Identify herbs, plants, and flowershttps://www.wildflowers-and-weeds.com/Plant_Families/Apiaceae.htm
  5. Curcumin, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University,  https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/curcumin
  6. Garlic and Organosulfur Compounds, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/food-beverages/garlic
  7. Orlikova B, Tasdemir D, Golais F, Dicato M, Diederich M. Dietary chalcones with chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential. Genes & Nutrition. 2011;6(2):125-147. doi:10.1007/s12263-011-0210-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3092904/
  8. Resveratrol, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University,  https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/resveratrol
  9. Top 10 Foods Highest in Lycopene, myfooddata.com,  https://www.myfooddata.com/articles/high-lycopene-foods.php
  10. Vitamin A: Health Professional Fact Sheet, National Institutes of Health, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/
  11. Vitamin B6: Health Professional Fact Sheet, National Institutes of Health, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
  12. Vitamin C: Health Professional Fact Sheet, National Institutes of Health, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
  13. Vitamin D: Health Professional Fact Sheet, National Institutes of Health, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
  14. Vitamin E and Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vitamins/vitamin-e/